My biggest concerns about attending college free essay sample

Have you ever thought about attending college and if you have what are your biggest concerns? One of my biggest concerns is that I have been out of school for 17 years now. The fact that I have almost forgotten mostly everything I learned about math and it scares me, and I wish I could afford to pay for my classes out of pocket. The biggest concern that I have about attending college is the fact that I have three kids, a husband and a part time job that I have to attend to. It would be very hard for me to attend classes if they are not online. That is why I am attending online classes as of this moment. I would also have a hard time finding the time to study because I have such a busy life outside of school helping my children with homework, taking them to outside activities, sitting down and giving them a little of my undivided attention and doing the little things on the agenda. We will write a custom essay sample on My biggest concerns about attending college or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The hardest part about attending college is the financial aspect of it. I always have to apply for financial aid because I cannot handle paying for my classes on my own. It is a heavy weight on me knowing after I graduate it will be extremely hard to pay back my loans; this is the only way to achieve my goals right now. It is always on my mind the fact that I may not be able to land a job in my career field. Hopefully, this is something that I can achieve and start working in my field immediately to start paying back my loans and earning decent earnings.

Proper Formal Letter From Introduction to Conclusion

Proper Formal Letter From Introduction to Conclusion Formal English letters are quickly being replaced by email. However, the formal letter structure you learn can still be applied to business emails and other formal emails. Follow these structure tips to write effective formal business letters and emails. A Purpose for Each Paragraph First Paragraph: The first paragraph of formal letters should include an introduction to the purpose of the letter. Its common to first thank someone or to introduce yourself. Dear Mr. Anders, Thank you for taking the time to meet with me last week. Id like to follow up on our conversation and have a few questions for you. Body Paragraphs:  The second and following paragraphs should provide the main information of the letter, and build on the main purpose in the introductory first paragraph. Our project is moving forward as scheduled. Wed like to develop a training program for staff at the new locations. To this end, we have decided to rent out space in the local business exhibition center. New staff will be trained by our experts in personnel for three days. In this way, well be able to meet demand from the first day. Final Paragraph: The final paragraph should shortly summarize the intent of the formal letter and end with some call to action. Thank you for your consideration of my suggestions. I look forward to an opportunity to discuss this matter further. Formal Letter Details Open with an expression of formal address, such as: Dear Mr, Ms (Mrs, Miss) - if you know the name of the person you are writing to. Use Dear Sir / Madam if you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, or To Whom it May Concern Always use Ms for women unless you are specifically requested to use Mrs or Miss. Beginning Your Letter First, provide a reason for writing. If you are beginning correspondence with someone about something or asking for information, begin by providing a reason for writing: I am writing to inform you about ...I am writing to ask/inquire about ...I am writing to ask about information for small businesses.I am writing to inform you that we have not yet received payment for ... Frequently, formal letters are written to express thanks. This is especially true when writing in response to an inquiry of some kind or when writing to express appreciation for a job interview, a reference, or other professional assistance  you have received.   Here are some useful phrases of gratitude: Thank you for your letter of (date) inquiring about ...We would like to thank you for your letter of (date) asking for / requesting information about ...In response to your letter of (date), we would like to thank you for your interest in ... Examples: I would like to thank you for your letter of January 22nd requesting information about our new line of lawnmowers.In response to your letter of October 23, 1997, we would like to thank you for your interest in our new line of products. Use the following phrases when asking for assistance: I would be grateful if you could verbWould you mind verb ingWould it be too much to ask that ... Examples: I would be grateful if you could send me a brochure.Would you mind telephoning me during the next week?Would it be too much to ask that our payment be postponed for two weeks? The following phrases are used to offer help: I would be happy to verbWe would be pleased to verb Examples: I would be happy to answer any questions you have.We would be pleased to assist you in finding a new location. Enclosing Documents In some formal letters, you will need to include documents or other information. Use the following phrases to draw attention to any enclosed documents you might have included. Enclosed please find nounEnclosed you will find ... nounWe enclose ... noun Examples: Enclosed you will find a copy of our brochure.Enclosed please find a copy of our brochure.We enclose a brochure. Note: if you are writing a formal email, use the phase: Attached please find / Attached you will find. Closing Remarks Always finish a formal letter with some call to action or reference to a future outcome you desire. Some of the options include: A referral to a future meeting: I look forward to meeting / seeing youI look forward to meeting you next week. An offer of further help Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions regarding this matter.If you need any further assistance please contact me. A Formal Sign Off Sign the letter with one of the following phrases: Yours faithfully,Yours sincerely, Less formal Best wishes.Best regards. Make sure to sign your letter by hand followed by your typed name. Block Format Formal letters written in block format place everything on the left-hand side of the page. Place your address or your companys address at the top of the letter on the left (or use your companys letterhead) followed by the address of the person and/or company you are writing to, all placed on the left side of the page. Hit the key return a number of times and use the date. Standard Format In formal letters written in standard format place your address or your companys address at the top of the letter on the right. Place the address of the person and/or company you are writing on the left side of the page. Place the date on the right-hand side of the page in alignment with your address.

Senior and middle managements communication and leadership style Literature review

Senior and middle managements communication and leadership style influence on employees satisfaction and motivation in case of Airport of Thailand (AOT) company - Literature review Example The landscape of literature reviw offers the analysis of relevant information concerning leadership, internal communication, employees and management acquired through several years of management and several researches caried ut by various scholars. It is a process where leaders interrelate with their followers and try to persuade their followers in realizing intended goals. Previous studies have identified different types of leadership. Among the common forms of leadership styles are transformational and transactional. Transformational leadership put emphasis on the personal growth and intrinsic motivation of their followers. This type of leadership tries to align the aspirations and needs of their followers to that of the organization. By doing like that, transformational leadership nurtures the loyalty of their followers to that of the organization and inspires them to enhance their performance. In current dynamic and complex environment, transformational leaders are seen as ultimate agents of change who can steer their followers successfully in times of high risk taking and uncertainties (Shah, 2004). On the other hand, transactional leadership gain legitimacy by maximizing the use of promises, praises and rewards so as to meet the pressing needs of their supporters. They engage their supporters by rewarding them so as to achieve certain desired goals. Although transformational leadership is seen as more suitable than transactional leadership, it has been realized that such argument is deceptive. Burns (1998) argued that all leadership is transactional, though such transactions are not limited to short term rewards only. An effective leader has to appeal to the personal interest of the followers and make use of both short term and long- term rewards in order to lead supporters towards the realization of organizational objectives. This subject is very relevant to the study as it offers critical insight on types

Methods of Quality Improvement Statistics Project

Methods of Quality Improvement - Statistics Project Example Furthermore, the R-chart shows no points outside the upper control limit or lower control limit. Therefore, the process is under statistical control and we can say that from the perspective of process variation, the process is in control. x-bar chart measures the central tendency (accuracy) of a process and indicate whether changes have occurred. R-chart measures the variability (dispersion) of a process. R-chart indicates that a gain or loss in uniformity has occurred. R-chart is independent from process mean. x-bar chart and R-chart are used together to monitor variables in process are in control (or not). R-chart is monitored before the x-bar chart. This is because the x-bar chart limits rely on the average range and if process variability is not stable and is affected by special causes, then is not a reliable estimate of variability, and thus the x-bar chart limits are less meaningful (Moore et. al., 2011). The R-chart indicates that the process variability is in control, as all the ranges for the subgroup are in-between upper and lower control limits and there is no unusual pattern, as we move from left to right on the R-chart. However, the x-bar chart indicates that the process accuracy is not in control, as not all the means for the subgroup are in-between upper and lower control limits. Rational sub-groupings are used in constructing control charts so that the individual observations within the subgroups have been measured under similar process conditions. The main idea behind rational sub grouping is that if the individual observations within the subgroups are as homogeneous as possible, then any special causes disrupting the process will be reflected by greater variability between the subgroups. When special causes are present in the process, rational sub-grouping attempts to maximize the likelihood that subgroup statistics will signal that the process is

Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflective Report - Essay Example This essay is basically an attempt to contemplate a few principally deteriorative issues with respect to these three factors. In order to better scrutinize each of the three factors and the associated paradoxes, appropriate OB theories will also be added and discussed to evaluate what literature has to say on multiple ramifications of different problematic OB issues. In case of poor leadership and management, one thing escalates another and soon stress and depression at workplace fosters the absenteeism rate also as in case of one private hardware store I worked at. Observations made by me while working at that hardware store identified three issues to be primarily responsible for worrisome OB issues thriving at the store and passive leadership and management was one among them. The leaders there appeared to be least dedicated with resolving myriad issues faced by the workforce and due to absence of a patent communication path, a lot of confusions prevailed at the store which plummet ed down the level of both employee motivation and customer satisfaction. ... When, such a strategy is maintained by employers, the employees begin to trust them which is a key element of sound OB. As more and amore employees are becoming less trusting of their domineering or passive employers, research proves that development of trust between leaders and employees is â€Å"necessary for the generation of competitive organisational advantage through support, cooperation and the improvement of co-ordination mechanisms† (Rocha 2001 cited in Connell, Cross & Parry 2002, p. 145). Leadership practices, employee motivation, and organizational structure interrelate with each other which is why the hardware store I worked at failed to compete with other firms in the market in addition to internal issues like poor management and job dissatisfaction. The managers at the store consistently refused to address the concerns of employees, which rapidly destroyed the structural framework of OB. OB is seriously at stake when the employees are unsatisfied with the leader ship style practices at the workplace which decreases the rate of motivation or when weak organizational designs are implemented. Decreased employee motivation means a depressed workforce which is proved to be lethal for OB while a satisfied workforce proves to be an asset for a company. A peaceful and collaborative OB assists organizations in grooming many talents of unproductive employees while a domineering boss, in contrast, fosters a rough workplace environment which increases the rate of job dissatisfaction and decreases the rate of organizational commitment. A large percentage of workplace issues originating from negative OB are laden with confusions, fear, and unhealthy criticism because the leaders do not invest

Low ÃŽ- Irradiation Doses on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Low Î’- Irradiation Doses on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae RESULTS OF LOW ÃŽ ²- IRRADIATION DOSES ON SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE FERMETATION PROCESS LetiÃ…Â £ia OPREAN1, Dan CHICEA2, EnikÅ‘ GASPAR, Ecaterina LENGYEL Abstract Four different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast samples were irradiated using a 90Sr nuclear source. The results of this ongoing study reveal that the small irradiation doses used in the work reported here produce measurable changes in the fermentation parameters and in the lipid and phospholipid levels. Key words: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, small doses, fermentation. 1. INTRODUCTION Yeasts are a growth form of eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi. Approximately 1500 species of yeasts have been described, most of which reproduce asexually by budding, although in a few cases by binary fission. Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of a string of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae, or true hyphae as seen in most moulds. Industrial yeasts are of special interest for microbiology and biotechnology because they have a big content of lipids and phospholipids that are currently used in naturist products preparation. Nowadays, comprehensive research is being done with respect to the methods of obtaining lipids and phospholipids from lipid biocomponents, in order to identify new methods for obtaining liposomal substances, needed by the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and medical industry. At present, egg lecithin is being used instead but the use of this source has several drawbacks, such as for example the fact that it oxidizes easily. Eukaryotes (yeasts, fungi, algae) are the main microorganisms that produce lipids and phospholipids. Of great interest to microbiology and biotechnology are the researches conducted in the field of phospholipids synthesis, of obtaining phospholipids from microorganisms and of optimizing culture media for their cultivation. During the last decades, ionizing radiations have been investigated to determine their influence on living organisms. Radionuclides are released into the environment from various sources: nuclear accidents, as planned discharges from the nuclear power industry, disposal of radioactive waste, medical use, nuclear weapons development or recycling. Ionizing radiations are able to cause toxically and genetic effects on organisms, because radionuclides do accumulate in biotic and abiotic components of the environment [1]. Nuclear radiation can stimulate morphogenetic changes manifest in the early development stages [2], [3]. Nuclear radiation can directly disturb metabolic processes, such as photosynthesis, growth, plant respiration, active transport as well as ionic balance and enzyme synthesis [4]. The literature reveals that low doses of ionizing radiations can stimulate cell proliferation [5], [6]. In this study, we investigated the low doses of beta radiation influence on the four Sa ccharomyces cerevisia strings, mainly the influence on the fermentation process. The details of the samples irradiation and fermentation analysis are presented in sections 2 and 3. 2. SAMPLE IRRADIATION The samples were irradiated one at a time in an irradiation chamber that was build for this purpose. The hole in the upper part fits a glass tube than can be easily inserted and extracted. The tube is used to place the sample in the proximity of the beta irradiation source. The schematic of the irradiation chamber is presented in Fig.1. The dose debit through the glass tube, in the very location where the yest samples were placed one by one, was measured using a RFT KD27012 dosimeter with an ion chamber. Fig. 1 The beta-irradiation chamber The ÃŽ ²- source was 90Sr and decays by the scheme: (1) having Eà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢=546 keV, with a branching ratio of 100% [7]. The daughter nucleus, 90Y, is unstable as well. It decays by the scheme: (2) with the energies, branching ratios and half-lives presented in Table 1. Table 1 The ÃŽ ² energies, branching ratios and half-lives of the 90Y [7]. Eà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ (keV) Ià ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ (%) Half-life, hours 93.83 0.0000014 64.00 519.39 0.0115 64.00 642.77 0.0018 3.19 2280.1 99.9885 64.00 Four strings of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast samples were used. The first string, labeled SCP, was separated from Turkish yeast having the trademark Pakmaya. The second string was labeled SCO and was separated from yeast having the trademark Dr.Oetker. The third string, labeled SCSL, was separated from French yeast having the trademark Saff Levure. The fourth string, labeled SCH, was separated from Dutch yeast having the trademark Hollandia. Two sample of each string were prepared, having a suffix 1, for the control, nonirradiated samples and 2 for the irradiated samples. The yeast sample type, irradiation time and irradiation dosis are presented in Table 2 Table 2 The sample type, irradiation time and irradiation dosis Nr. Sample Irradiation time (h) Irradiation Dosis, (Gray) 1 SCP1 0 0 2 SCP2 5 12 3 SCO1 0 0 4 SCO2 5 12 5 SCSF1 0 0 6 SCSF2 5 12 7 SCH1 0 0 8 SCH2 5 12 3. Fermentation details Both the control and the irradiated samples were cultivated in Malt Agar. Malt Agar is used for isolating and cultivating yeasts and molds from food and for cultivating yeast and mold stock cultures [8], [9]. Malt Agar contains malt extract which provides the carbon, protein and nutrient sources required for the growth of microorganisms. Agar is the solidifying agent. The acidic pH of Malt Agar allows for optimal growth of molds and yeasts while restricting bacterial growth. The eight samples described above were subject to a fermentation process conducted in identical conditions, in an ECONOMY 20 fermenter. The temperature was maintained constant at 28 °C. The acidity was maintained at pH=5.8. The maltasic activity (which is defined as catalysis of the hydrolysis of maltose by an alpha-D-glucosidase-type action) and the CO2 emission were monitored for 96 hours [10]. The results of the fermentation activity, measured as CO2 emission and the maltasic activity measured at 24 hours interval are presented in Table 3. The CO2 emission at 24 hours interval is presented in Fig. 2 and the maltasic activity in Fig. 3. Table 3 Results of the fermentation activity Nr. crt. Yeast string CO2-24h maltasic activity 24 h CO2-48h maltasic activity 48 h CO2-72h maltasic activity 72 h CO2-96h maltasic activity 96 h 1 SCP1 0.5 780 1.5 810 1.3 800 0.3 760 2 SCP2 0.8 1220 1.6 1240 1.5 1200 0.5 1200 3 SCO1 0.7 840 1.3 850 1.1 830 0.2 820 4 SCO2 0.9 1280 1.7 1290 1.5 1280 0.4 1250 5 SCSL1 0.6 760 1.4 780 1.2 750 0.3 750 6 SCSL2 0.7 1190 1.5 1210 1.3 1160 0.3 1180 7 SCH1 0.7 860 1.4 920 1.1 900 0.4 850 8 SCH2 0.8 1230 1.6 1240 1.4 1220 0.2 1220 Fig. 2 The CO2 emission for the four Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strings Examining Table 1, Fig. 2 and 3 we notice that the fermentation process produced by the irradiated samples (batch having the suffix 2) is more intense, which is proved by the increased CO2 emission and by the increased maltasic activity. 4. Conclusions and discussions One of the efficient procedures to select high productivity yeasts is irradiating the samples with nuclear radiation. To our knowledge, results of ÃŽ ² irradiation on yeast have not been reported yet and the literature is poor in ÃŽ ² yeast irradiation [11]. Examining the results we can conclude that for all four Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strings the low 12 Gray ÃŽ ² irradiation dosis had a stimulating effect in respect of the fermentation process. The SCO and SCH strings had the higher stimulation effect. Fig. 3 The maltasic activity for the four Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strings We believe that the differences are produced by the yeast genome changes produced by à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ irradiation. The results of this ongoing study revealed that the small irradiation doses used in the work reported here produce measurable improvement in the fermentation parameters. Special care must be taken in evaluating the side effects of the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ irradiation REFERENCES V.I. Kryukov, V.I. Shishkin, S.F. Sokolenko, Radiacionnaja biologija. Radioekologija, 36, 209, (1996). I.W. Mericle, R.P. Mericle, Radiat. Botany, 7, 449, (1967). D. Chicea, M. Racuciu, Romanian Journal of Physics 52, 5-6, 589, (2007). V.A. Sidorov, Naukova dumka, Kiev, (1990). Conter, D. Dupouy, H. Planel, Int J Radiat Blot, 43, 421, (1983). F. Croute, J.P. Soleilhavoup, S. Vidal, S. Dupouy, H. Planel, Rad.Res., 92, 560, (1982). LBNL Isotopes Project Nuclear Data Dissemination Home Page. Retrieved March 11, 2002, from http://ie.lbl.gov/toi.html Ewing, Davis and Reavis, Public Health Lab. 15, 153, (1957). MacFaddin, Media for isolation-cultivation-identification-maintenance of medical bacteria, vol. 1, Williams Wilkins, Baltimore, (1985). H. Kuriyama, W. Mahakarnchanakul, S. Matsui, H. Kobayashi, Biotechnol. Lett., 15 (2), 189, (1993). J. Kiefer, M. Ebert, Biophysik., 6, 3, 271, (1970).

Evaluation of Soil Management Strategies

Evaluation of the soil management strategies in the India The more time goes past, the more man starts realising how the management and the way we threat soils is important to insure its preservation and conservation. Nowadays, around 9. 4 million hectares of soil, which represent the 0. 5% of the land present on our planet, is irreparably damaged and has no longer any biological function. In other words, it can no longer be used in any useful way to provide food or other elements to the earth’s tenants.There are though, two factors that influence soil degradation; the human factor and the natural one. The most impactful one is the human one, as we tend to create disequilibrium in the rate at which soil forms and at which it is eroded or degraded. This is due to the fact that farmers work the soil too frequently or misunderstand and mismanage their lands. On the other hand, erosion and degradation, which embody the natural factors, are part of nature’s cycle and over ti me, they do not create imbalances.In poorer countries, farmers use subsistence farming and they are in a way constricted to do so, as they not only lack of economical resources to buy machinery and conditioners, but also because the quality of the soil often doesn’t give them the opportunity to be able to work the land more intensively. In the regions of West Bengal located in the northwest of India to take an example, the density of the population is so high that farmers only can use their little land holding to produce enough in order to feed themselves and their families.This way of managing the soil is called subsistence farming and is also used in the entire southeast of India, where the soil is so degraded that the population has no other choice but to use this agricultural strategy named sedentary farming. It involves farming always at the same place, living there and getting crops relying uniquely on labour and not on any capital investments. In India we can find a ve ry large division, varying from economical to socio-political, and even agricultural.Up in the Northwest of India, within the hills of Jaipur in Rajasthan, intensive commercial farmers are predominant as the country represents the fourth biggest agricultural power of the world. The practices and components involved in intensive farming are harmful to the soil because farmers take advantage of the resources that are available and often abuse their terrain in such way that it harms it, leading to an increase of the rate at which the land is deteriorated.But not all methods are harmful to Nature; the method used in the forests of north India by the poorer citizens has a much better environmental impact than the industrial one used by richer farmers. As equally common, this method is called shifting farming which consists in burning a piece of land so that the ashes fertilise the soil. Then the famer grows its crops for around 2 to 5 years, until the soil’s fertility starts to de crease so he moves to another place repeating the same process.After a break more or less long 10 years, the farmer can go back to the first place as the terrain supposedly had time to regain its fertility and he can so for cultivate his crops again. In fact, the material and gears used, plus the methods are much different one from another. Within the subsistence one, natural fertilizers will be more likely to be used while on the intensive one, chemicals and heavy machinery often take the lead. These different strategies used to manage the soil comprise advantages and disadvantages, to both the farmers and the land.The sustainable farming strategy is on the short term less beneficial to the farmer as it will limit his production. But this technique won’t make any harm to the soil because the method used is less intensive, and natural fertilisers such as animal rejections and organic wastes replace chemicals and fertilizers used in the intensive method. But as stated above, I ndia is the fourth largest agricultural force on this planet and that’s when the management of the soil starts becoming problematic in accordance to its sustainability and the preservation of its quality.The choice of a farmer to opt for a specific technique rather than another relies on the income on a short period of time. Even though in India this choice mainly depends on the financial resources available, the farmers using subsistence farming will be able to use their land for a much longer period of time than those who use intensive farming. It’s also in the farmer’s benefit to use its field in a sustainable way; for environmental ssues as well as for its personal profit as on the longer term, a farmer who farms on its land in a sustainable way will be able to get an equal amount of crops over a larger period of time. To conclude, if we keep abusing the soil as they still do in certain parts of the world, by 2050 we will severely lack of available healthy s oil to satisfy our needs as a result of the population’s growth rate. And even though the governments and citizens didn’t realise that before severe issues and frightening statistical data came out from the topic.We know how to prevent soil erosion from natural factors by simply planting grass or other clumping vegetation; building shelter belts and hedgerows are other examples. We can also improve the methods of cultivation, using the techniques of terracing and contour ploughing. But to prevent the abusing human activity like deforestation, I believe that the only answer is the willing and devotion of individuals of using proper pesticides and fertilizers. References: http://www. rajasthantour4u. com/business/agriculture. html 02. 02. 3/8:15 http://www. isric. org/ ISRIC website (World Soil Statistical data and Information collectors) 31. 01. 13/17:25 http://agriinfo. in/default. aspx? page=topic&superid=1&topicid=643 29. 01. 13/17:06 http://www. indiastudychannel. c om/resources/154743-Types-farming-India. aspx 29. 01. 13/17:03 http://vro. dpi. vic. gov. au/dpi/vro/vrosite. nsf/pages/soil_mgmt 31. 01. 13/16:18 http://www. ehow. com/about_6367388_human-impact-soils. html 28. 01. 13/16:30 http://www. mapsofindia. com/indiaagriculture/ 01. 2. 13/16:29

Fantastic Literature Essay

Fantasy is a product of our subconscious minds. Just like the stories of the past, fantastic literature tries to give its messages with an indirectly way for making an impact to our subconscious minds. In other words, Fantastic literature is a genre of fiction that uses imagination, magic, supernatural elements such as ghosts, harpies, trolls, mermaids, nymphs, vampires, centaurs, personifications, allegories and unrealistic elements as its primary plot element, theme or setting. Many fantastic works includes an imaginary world where magic and fantastic creatures are common. The best known and successful English work for the genre is J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings triology. But there are lots of successful works and famous writers of the genre such as Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy, Stephen King’s The Dark Tower, George R.R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire, J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and H.P. Lovecraft’s collection of stories ab out Cthulhu Mythos. The fantastic literature starts with the bed time stories in childhood such as fairy tales or folk tales to give instructions. We can say, it has a special appealing to children because of its didactic nature for giving moral lessons. Moreover, the children are too young to know the difference between real and the fantasy. Much of these folk tales comes from the times of Middle Ages where the place storytelling has an importance. This importance changed by the time due to technological advancements because rational progress decreased the amount of these stories. It happens to everyone when you grow up, the advancement of rational progress can decrease your superstitious beliefs and imagination. But using the middle age as setting, establishes a perfect base for fantastic stories because of the lack of technology, dogmatic thoughts and the importance of storytelling. Therefore even in our time, the fantastic works uses the middle age as its setting and much of the works in fantastic literature takes place in Middle age. When we come to its origin, in western culture, the origin of the fantastic literature depends on the mythic stories. But if we specifically give a document name for the genre, then we can say its origin comes from the stories of Homer The Iliad and The Odyssey. In eastern culture, this origin comes from Arabian Nights. The iliad and odyssey gives us the definition of the genre in the first place because of its contents. In case of Odyssesy, it includes gods, monsters such as centaurs, Cyclops or witches and wizards. And there is also a quest in the story as its plot. Odysseus tries to return to his home at Ithaca but he is not allowed by Poseidon because of his insults such as killing his cyclop son and claiming that he won the troy with only his own mind tricks. It is quiet similar to the stories of the Arthurian Romance such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight because of their usage of quest as framework. Same thing is in use in the case of LOTR. As a characteristic of the genre, there is always a quest in a fantastic work. Many of them include a universe as their setting look alike Middle ages because it is easy to create stories when you created the universe. There are also some common themes of the genre such as Good vs. Evil, Deceived heroes, making a sacrifice for saving the earth, journey to unknown etc.. All of these elements are in Fantastic literature to give lessons. The sign of a Fantast ic work is the inclusion of fantastic elements, a self-coherent setting as a universe to take place in and the inspirations from the mythology or folk stories. It gives a freedom of expression to author for explaining a rational sense within a supernatural framework. Therefore it may confuse the reader but there is always a message in these fantastic stories. It starts with the fairy tales in childhood. Fairy tale: Fairy tales a stories that contains a message and has an appealing to children for giving instructions with an indirectly style and by showing example through the story. Fairy tales aims to give moral lessons to its audience. Therefore, it is the first tutor of the mankind. They may include elves, dwarves, fairies, giants, ogres, trolls, goblins, mermaids, witches and wizards. There is always an adventure or a quest in these stories. But they are different than the legends in essence because there may be a truth behind the legends. Ancient Greeks are often accepted the legends as real events and told their stories for centuries but they didn’t the same thing for the folk tales. There is always a certain pattern in these fa iry tales, all of them starts with same word Once upon a time for implying that the story takes place in an unknown time. There is also a happy conclusion at the end of these stories such as â€Å"they lived happily ever after†. They can be found in oral or literary form but it is hard to trace their origins. Many of them may appear in different cultures with variations. Much of them appeals to adults but they are often associated  with children. There are some collectors of these folktales such as Grimm Brothers and Charles Perrault. Folklorists have classified the fairy tales with various ways. Among them Vlademir Propp is one of the most notable with his Morphology of the Tale. Vladamir Propp was a Russian folklorist scholar who analyzed the framework of Russian folk tale and published his analysis with name of Morphology of the Folktale in 1928. In his work, he divided fairy tale into sections and through these sections he tried to define the series of sequences within a fairy tale. To him, a fairy tale usually starts with an initial situation. And right after that there are 31 different se quences with different functions. He used this method to analyze the frame work of the Russian folk tales. Propp’s morphology is an exemplar for the analysis. In this type, the structural organization of a folkloristic text follows a chronological order as linear. Therefore, we can see if the tale has all of these elements from A to Z. Also we can give a name to those sequences. A tale usually starts with an initial situation such as with the enumeration of the family or the brief introduction of the hero. And after this point there are 31 sequences. Absentation: In this part, a member of the family leaves the home such as a prince may leave home to go for a journey by leaving his wife back. This absentation can also be someone’s death or going for a walk, fishing..Interdiction: In this point, the instruction comes to the hero such as don’t change your way, don’t talk with stranger, take care of your little brother to preparing a base for the further calamity. Violation: A counter action happens against to interdiction such as hero often violates this limitatio n and leaves the right way, talks with strangers. At this point a new person enters the story. And it could be a dragon, wolf, witch or a stepmother as a villain. Reconnaissance: Villain makes an attempt to find something. Villain is in search of something valuable or information such as the location of the children, wolf’s aim to find the goal of Little Red Cap by questioning her. Delivery: Villain receives a directly information to his questions. The wolf learns the house of the grandmother. Trick: The villain makes a persuasion. It is an attempt to trick his victim in order to take possession for his victim. Dragon turns into a golden goat, the witch turns into an old beggar and tries to give poisonous apple, wolf tries to act like grandmother by wearing her clothes. Complicity: The victim accepts the deception and helps  his enemy without knowing. Princess accepts the apple, The wolf acts like grandmother and little red cap could not recognize it. Villainy or lack of something: The villain causes harm or injury such as princess falls into a sleep after taking a bite from the apple, the wolf devours the little red cap as a result o f violation of the interdiction. One member of the family is in lack of something or desires to have something. The Prince intends to search for his bride, A magical agent is needed to wake someone up, huntsman tries to find a prey Mediation: the hero enters into tale with a quest or he is dispatched. The prince appears and decides to go for a journey to the tower of sleeping beauty, the huntsman appear hearing the snores of the wolf by thinking that there must be something wrong. Beginning counteraction: The hero sees the situation and decides to do something, the huntsman sees the belly of the wolf and thinks that he devoured them, the prince hears the story of sleeping beauty. Departure: the hero leaves home to make a counterattack. First function of the donor: A donor appears and meets with the hero or greets him for testing him to give some kind of a magical agent. The hero’s reaction: hero gives an answer to donor such as making a help to him, showing mercy, completes a service, learns some tactics, The hero receives the magical agent: he receives some kind of a power to defeat to evil. The transference between two kingdoms: The hero is transferred from one place to another to whereabouts an object or search. The hero flies through air on a bird, or travels on a boat. Struggle: The hero and the villain fights to get something for themselves. Branded: the hero receives a wound during the fight. Victory: the villain is beaten during the open battle or loses the game of cards. Liquidation: The initial misfortune resolved, spell casts off, captives freed Return: the hero returns to his home Pursuit: The some kind of evil pursues the hero and tries to kill him Rescue: the hero is rescued from the pursuit, an obstacle may delay the pursuer, the hero hides or saves his life from the pursuer. Unrecognized arrival: hero returns his home but no one recognizes him just like in the case of  Odysseus. False claims: A false hero appears and presents unfounded claims. DIFFICULT TASK: Difficult task proposed to the hero (trial by ordeal, riddles, test of strength/endurance, other tasks); SOLUTION: Task is resolved; RECOGNITION: Hero is recognized (by mark, brand, or thing given to him/her); EXPOSURE: False hero or villain is exposed; TRANSFIGURATION: Hero is given a new appearance (is made whole, handsome, new garments etc.); PUNISHMENT: Villain is punished; WEDDING: Hero marries and ascends the throne (is rewarded/promoted). Grimm Brothers were two unusual German scholars, linguists, academicians and great philologists that lived in the 19th century. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were two brothers and these brothers were nationalists and intended to collect the old Germanic stories and publish them to show the universality of German language. They were very interested with the Germanic folklore tales and dedicated rest of their lives to collect these tales. Therefore they collected stories and folk tales from the country and represented a pure form of national literature and culture. They established a kind of methodology for recording and collecting these folk tales and later on it became a basis for the folklore studies. They published their first collection of Germanic stories, and folk tales in 1812 with the name of Children’s and Housholde Tales. Their stories, includes the all details of German language and Germanic cultural identity. Their works translated into more than 100 languages. The most important and famous stories of them are Rapunzel, The Snow White, Hansel and Gretel, Cinderella, The Frog Prince and Little Red Cap. Little Red Cap Little red cap is a Germanic folk tale that published by Grimm brothers in their story collection known as Children’s and Household Tales in 1812. It is the 26t1h story of this story collection. It tells the story of a sweet but not obedience girl known as little red cap because of her famous Red Hood. But behind the background of the story, it is a story about grow up by leaving the naà ¯ve thoughts behind. It is a story that questions the curiosity of the children and urges them to leave these thoughts and get mature by following rules. By using the big bad wolf as a villain, it gives  us a message that don’t be so naà ¯ve, these fine gentlemen are nothing but greedy wolfs and they are so hungry for using your naivety for their own sexual purposes. So, follow your rules and don’t ever change your way. It can be interpreted as a moral tale, to give a message such as don’t talk with sexual predators. After the brief presentation of the characters, the story starts with an absentation in which the grandmother is sick. So her mother gives her a bucket and says bring this to grandma and don’t leave the path or you might break the glass. This is our interdiction and our quest. But she doesn’t listen to her mother, a counter action (violation) happens against to interdiction and wolf makes an entrance to story. The wolf questions the little red cap, this is our reconnaissance. And she answers all its questions with a naivety and describes the way that goes to her grandma. (delivery). The wolf goes there devours grandma and takes place of her (trick). She comes to house and accepts its trick without knowing what it is (complicity). And wolf devours her as result of her wrong actions (Villainy harm). Some versions of the story like Charles Perrault version ends in here but Grimm version continues. The huntsman makes an entrance to story (mediation). And he decides to free grandma and little red cap(beginning of counter reaction). He cuts the bell of wolf with a scissor and saves them both. This is the rebirth of Little red cap as a mature (Struggle, branding, victory, liquidation ). In any case, it is a story of puberty rite in which the red cap born again as an adult woman and learns how to act against to odds. After that point she doesn’t cares about the other childish things. The advancement of her rational progress is ending her childhood. The Frog King- Iron Heinrich The frog king is the first story of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm which they published it in their folk tale collection known as Children and Household Tales. The frog king is all about the glimmers of emotional life where they are developing in the first place, the childhood. It is story about sexual awakening in human beings, its acceptance and maturation process in human beings. There are some symbols in the story such as the frog, the princess and the Golden ball. The frog is the symbol of production and fertility and it is connected with witchcraft. Princess is the symbol of purified aspect of human soul and the golden ball is the symbol of perfection. The princes  in this story, is so beautiful, even more beautiful than sun that is explains her relationship and her desires towards to golden ball. When she lost the ball, she grieves at not only her ball but also grieves over her loss of innocence. She thinks that she will not be the whole again. But the only thing that can make her whole again is an ugly frog. She likes herself and this situation represents her narcissistic psyche. In the story, the princess increasingly becomes more anxious, angry and full of fear with the idea of marrying with a frog. She is not yet ready for the marriage. As the frog comes closer to her, she becomes more disgusted. This is also gives us her idea about awakening of sex throughout the puberty. But actually she becomes more a person while the frog comes closer to her. The father in this story is responsible for the marriage of the princess and he commands her to keep her word. Her actions are all under her id and there is a need for the development of super ego in her personality. Therefore, the responsible conscience of King helps to development of superego in child’s mind for bringing happiness, love and marriage to her life. And to become whole again, she finally decides to throw it against to wall by taking all the risks to gain her independence. This moment of violence is a painful experience but it is necessary. By doing so, she transcends her anxiety and hatred into a love. She becomes more a person by developing identity and her ugly frog turns into a handsome prince in her eyes. Snow White The story of Snow white is a Germanic Folktale that published in 1812 by Grimm brothers in their Collection of stories known as Children’s and Household Tales as the 53rd story. It is a story about the cycle of life as can be seen from the color symbolism of the story. But it also increases the theme of maturation process of a girl through some tests. It is a very common theme which can be found in the stories of Grimm brothers maybe because of the fact that their informants were woman or to put an emphasis on marriage for representing its importance in a feudal and patriarchal German society. Who knows? Anyway most of their stories are including these themes of Marriage, maturation, loss of innocence, growing up and including these damsels in distress as main characters. And in most of their stories the true love comes after the defeat of self-love as reward of maturation. Story starts with a queen’s wish to have a baby like white as snow, red as  blood and black as wood. It is a kind of symbolism of life that represents the natural cycle of life in which after every death a life starts to its lifetime. As a result snow white represents this natural cycle, she is the personification of this cycle. As soon as she born, her mother dies in order to give a birth to her. And that is also another emphasis that given to represent this cycle. After this point her unconcerned king father marries with another woman who is wicked. The unconcerned personality of King, although there is no king in the story, represents the feudal European perspective of seeing women as object. The personality of stepmother is another issue; she is the personification of immatureness. It is clear that she has failed in her personality development to have an identity. Therefore, she has only the self-interest just like the princess in The Frog King or Iron Heinrich. Therefore she plays her role to prevent Snow White for reaching her age because of her envy, pride and hatred. She orders to huntsman to kill her but he spares instead of killing her. He spares her because of potential status as a woman and bringer of new life. Therefore, the existence of huntsman also is a foreshadowing for the union of the opposite forces such as man and woman. In the story she deceives Snow White for three times and each times represents another aspect of life just like the color symbolism. In the first with a lace to prevent breath (White) which represents the spiritual matureness, second with a comb (Black) to represent the physical matureness and in the last with a red apple (red) to represent death or blood for establishing a basis for the death of childhood and the rebirth of as mature woman. Sleeping in a glass coffin also supports this idea of rebirth as a mature woman. Glass coffin represents the being in a woman’s womb. In essence, the witchcraft of queen was nothing but a test. After completing all these tests she becomes a mature woman and young prince appears as a reward. She marries with him. Therefore, completing these tests is essential in human life and story tries to put an emphasis especially to this aspect of life. The real love comes with maturation and with the sacrifice of childhood, it is necessary to get a real identity. And the time of union puts an end to the efforts of retarding powers with the hot iron shoes. The queen dies as dancing for celebrating the rhythmic cycle of life and death. All in all, Snow white is a story that explains the nature of creation, how something new comes into being through the  repetition of same cycle of transformation which is necessary in a traditional society. Cinderella The story of Cinderella is a European folk tale which published in 1812 by Grimm Brothers as the 21st story in their collection of Folk tales known as Children’s and Household Tales. It was also published by Charles Perrault in 1697. The Grimm version of the story is a dark version because it doesn’t include a fairy mother, pumpkin that turns into a carriage, animals that turns into henchmen. In Grimm version there is a Grant tree and talking pigeons. There is forgiveness in Perrault’s story for stepsisters but Grimm version there is a punishment for sisters in which stepsisters are blinded by pigeons. It is a story about an orphaned girl and it focusses on her rising into higher status and redeeming with happiness through hard work, suffer and marriage. Then again, the story gives us the patriarchal perspective of marriage and its importance by showing a poor girl’s struggling for rising into power and changing her status within this hierarchical society. The story can be interpreted from so many perspectives such as sociological, Freudian, feminism. But its theme is simple, young women can be saved by wealthy men. The golden slipper in the story stands there as a symbol of perfectness or perfect life. The story narrates the recovery process of a poor girl’s after an early wound such as loss of her mother. It is a process of person’s redeem and reaching happiness through hard working. Therefor the story represents a person’s search for identity and self-esteem. The tale opens with an initial situation and the narration of characters as usual but then suddenly a member of the family leaves the family as it happened in the case of mother. Interdiction also comes in this moment, the mother tells her daughter right before her death, remain pious and good only then our dear god will protect you. After a time later, her ignorant father marries again and evil stepmother and stepsisters appears as villain to start their devilish deeds. She loses her social status and starts to live her life as a maid in the kitchen. Throughout the story she keeps her dignity against to all evil dee ds of the sisters and as a result her donor appears in the form of pigeons and grant tree. The donor offers her dreams to her and also through these it tries to test her. Eventually she passes all her tests by remaining pious and takes care of the wicked  step family. As a result, her foot fits to slippery shoe as an embodiment of perfectness. The story ends with a happy ending. There are different explanations of the story. We can think the slippery as the woman and we can think the foot as the man and their union as the perfect union of man and woman. From this point of view, story is about a woman’s search for sexual fulfillment. We can also look at it with a sociological perspective. Then we can say, it is about a woman’s struggle for rising into power within a patriarchal society through marriage. Prince choses Cinderella because her foots are tiny while sisters not. Her foots are tiny because she is coming from an upper class unlike them, but she loses her social status. In the end of the story, she manages to replace her social status through marriage and redeems with life. It is also a good role model for feminism for showing how young girls and women should not be. Cinderella is a kind, pious and passive girl. She can’t make stand for herself. She is waiting a prince for herself to rescue her from the misery and all of her actions are against to feminist ideas. Modern woman is expected to be more assertive in order to survive in the world but she can’t. Instead of that she is acting more pious by thinking that her dignity will save her. And this situation is giving us a sociological insight about the feudal European society. Enter Sandman Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann was a German Romantic writer, critic, musician and composer who opened his eyes to earth in 1776. He was famous with his works of horror and fantasy fiction. He is the author of The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, on which famous The Nutcracker ballet based. In 1816, he composed one of his fantastic, horror stories which known as â€Å"The Sandman† and published it in 1817 within short story collection, known as â€Å"The Night Pieces†. The sandman is story about a childhood trauma that in the form of letters. It starts a bizarre and horrifying childhood story about a creature known as Sandman. The first letter is from Nathanael to Lothar. According to Nathanael, The sandman is a creature of night who is visiting unsleeping children and bleeding them with his sands to steal their eyes for feeding his own children on the moon. Scary isn’t it? This story becomes an obsession for him. And one night he plans to spy it and hides himself t o his father’s room. In there he sees Coppelius, a lawyer and one of his father’s associates and he catches him and desires to burn his eyes. But his father  stands against for him. Nathanael becomes ill and his father dies after a while in an experiment while working with Coppelius. The Coppelius disappears. Nathanael becomes a student and meets with an optician known as Coppola and buys a Spy-glass from him. Through this spy-glass he sees Olympia, an automaton created by Spalanzani and Coppola. And he loves this automaton unreasonably. But two men falls into an argument and Coppolla takes the eyes of automaton and throws them to Nathanael. This event reminds Nathanael the argument between his father and Coppelius. And Nathanael falls into a state of sanity. After recovering his mind, he goes directly to Clara to marry with her. While spending time with her, he suddenly sees Coppelius and goes insane. He tries to kill clara, but her brother saves him. Unfortunately he jumps off from the tower and dies. The uncanny is a concept in human psychology that means something extraordinary familiar and not familiar at the same time. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who wrote about this concept in his The Uncanny and published it in 1919. He tried to analyze this concept by using Hoffmann’s The Sandman because of its extraordinary content. According the Freud, the uncanny is the mar k of the returning repressed memory. For Freud, the reason of the uncanny in this story is the fear of losing eyes. He associates the idea of losing eyes with the fear of castration and he suggests the story of Oedipus as his example. He argued that the most appropriate punishment of Oedipus’ crimes was the castration yet this showed on the stage in the form of losing eyes. Coppelius is Nathanael’s hatred against of his father for his castration and he interferes his all relationships which he both loves and hates. After this bad experience, he represses all his bad memories and forgets what happened in the past. With the reanimation of first shocking scene (losing of one’s eyes) in the second scene, he once again remembers everything but also loses his mind. This is the uncanny of the story which reminds his past. Coppola and Spalanzini are nothing but the representation of his father’s sides and Olympia which they made together is the personification of Nathaniel’s feminine attitude towards his father in his infancy. It is his doppelganger. That is why Nathaniel confronts Olympia as a person and loves it with a narcissistic kind of senseless love. It is a natural situation which he created after his castration because of being unable to love. As a result, he realizes this truth with the reappearance of Coppelius  once again while looking through the spy-glass. Looking through the glass is a kind of rationalization process. Nathaniel tries to explain all these events with the imagination until his usage of glass. And in each time when he use it, he loses his mind because of confronting with the sober truth.

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